Multiply Deposit with KSwap

A multiply deposit creates a leveraged collateral position in a single, atomic transaction by combining an initial deposit with temporary liquidity.

When a multiply deposit is initiated, the protocol first temporarily borrows the debt token (for example, USDC) through a flash loan. The borrowed amount is swapped into the collateral token (for example, TSLAx) using KSwap (Kamino’s token swap SDK). The resulting collateral is then deposited into Kamino Lend. With the collateral in place, the position borrows the debt token against it, and the borrowed amount is used to repay the flash loan before the transaction completes. The result is a leveraged position with increased exposure to the collateral token and an outstanding debt balance.

Multiply Deposit with xStocks

Create a leveraged position in a single atomic transaction using Klend’s multiply feature and KSwap multi-route swap optimization.

Import Dependencies

Import the required packages for Solana RPC communication, Kamino SDK operations, KSwap routing, and transaction building.

import {
  createSolanaRpc,
  createSolanaRpcSubscriptions,
  address,
  pipe,
  createTransactionMessage,
  setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner,
  setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash,
  appendTransactionMessageInstructions,
  signTransactionMessageWithSigners,
  sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory,
  getSignatureFromTransaction,
  none,
  compressTransactionMessageUsingAddressLookupTables,
} from '@solana/kit';
import type { Address } from '@solana/kit';
import {
  KaminoMarket,
  MultiplyObligation,
  PROGRAM_ID,
  parseKeypairFile,
  getDepositWithLeverageIxs,
  getUserLutAddressAndSetupIxs,
  getScopeRefreshIxForObligationAndReserves,
  getComputeBudgetAndPriorityFeeIxs,
  ObligationTypeTag,
  simulateTx,
  DEFAULT_RECENT_SLOT_DURATION_MS,
} from '@kamino-finance/klend-sdk';
import { KswapSdk } from '@kamino-finance/kswap-sdk';
import { Scope } from '@kamino-finance/scope-sdk';
import Decimal from 'decimal.js';
import { getKswapQuoter, getKswapSwapper } from './kswap_utils.js';
import { fetchAllAddressLookupTable } from '@solana-program/address-lookup-table';

Load Configuration and Initialize SDKs

Load the keypair and initialize RPC connections, the market, Scope for oracle prices, and KSwap for routing.

const KEYPAIR_FILE = '/path/to/your/keypair.json';
const CDN_ENDPOINT = 'https://cdn.kamino.finance';

const signer = await parseKeypairFile(KEYPAIR_FILE);

const rpc = createSolanaRpc('https://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com');
const rpcSubscriptions = createSolanaRpcSubscriptions('wss://api.mainnet-beta.solana.com');

const marketPubkey = address('5wJeMrUYECGq41fxRESKALVcHnNX26TAWy4W98yULsua'); // xStocks Market
const debtTokenMint = address('EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v'); // USDC
const XSTOCKS_MARKET_LUT = address('8ofreL6hKfEet1DnhHVGvCTnSdz4pg85PpbuCUHnEcKm'); // xStocks Market LUT

let collTokenMint: Address;

const market = await KaminoMarket.load(rpc, marketPubkey, DEFAULT_RECENT_SLOT_DURATION_MS);
const scope = new Scope('mainnet-beta', rpc);
const kswapSdk = new KswapSdk('https://api.kamino.finance/kswap', rpc, rpcSubscriptions);

The xStocks Market LUT can be found via the Markets API: https://api.kamino.finance/v2/kamino-market?programId=KLend2g3cP87fffoy8q1mQqGKjrxjC8boSyAYavgmjD. The Scope SDK provides oracle price data, and the KSwap SDK enables multi-DEX routing for optimal swap execution.

Find TSLAx Reserve in Market

Dynamically discover the TSLAx token mint by searching the market reserves by symbol.

const tslaReserve = Array.from(market!.reserves.values()).find((reserve) => reserve.symbol === 'TSLAx');
if (!tslaReserve) {
  console.log('TSLAx reserve not found in xStocks market');
}
collTokenMint = tslaReserve.getLiquidityMint();
console.log(`Found TSLAx mint: ${collTokenMint}`);

This dynamic discovery approach allows the code to work across different markets without hardcoding token mint addresses. The reserve symbol identifies the asset (TSLAx for tokenized Tesla stock), and we retrieve its mint address programmatically.

Fetch Multiply Lookup Tables

Fetch multiply-specific Address Lookup Tables (LUTs) from Kamino’s CDN for the TSLAx/USDC pair to compress transaction size.

const kaminoResourcesResponse = await fetch(`${CDN_ENDPOINT}/resources.json`);
const kaminoResourcesData = await kaminoResourcesResponse.json();
const kaminoResources = kaminoResourcesData['mainnet-beta'];
const multiplyColPairs = kaminoResources.multiplyLUTsPairs[collTokenMint] || {};
const multiplyLut: string[] = multiplyColPairs[debtTokenMint] || [];
const multiplyLutKeys = multiplyLut.map((lut) => address(lut));

Lookup Tables store frequently-used addresses, allowing transactions to reference 1-byte indexes instead of 32-byte addresses. This reduces transaction size from ~3096 bytes to under 1232 bytes, which is critical for complex multiply operations.

Configure Multiply Parameters

Set the deposit amount, leverage multiplier, and slippage tolerance.

const depositAmount = new Decimal(10); // $10 USDC
const leverage = 2; // 2x leverage
const slippageBps = 100; // 1% slippage

Some assets may require higher slippage than others.

Setup User Lookup Table

Generate setup instructions for creating or extending a user-specific lookup table with addresses needed for multiply operations.

const multiplyMints: { coll: Address; debt: Address }[] = [{ coll: collTokenMint, debt: debtTokenMint }];
const leverageMints: { coll: Address; debt: Address }[] = [];

const [userLookupTable, setupTxsIxs] = await getUserLutAddressAndSetupIxs(
  market!,
  signer,
  none(),
  true,
  multiplyMints,
  leverageMints
);

Execute the setup transactions if any are needed. The loop builds, signs, and sends each setup transaction, waiting 2 seconds between each to ensure proper ordering.

for (const setupIxs of setupTxsIxs) {
  const { value: setupBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash({ commitment: 'finalized' }).send();

  const setupTx = pipe(
    createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
    (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(signer, tx),
    (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(setupBlockhash, tx),
    (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(setupIxs, tx)
  );

  const signedSetupTx = await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(setupTx);

  await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedSetupTx, {
    commitment: 'confirmed',
    skipPreflight: true,
  });

  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

Setup transactions extend the lookup table with addresses specific to the multiply position. This is a one-time operation per collateral/debt pair - if the LUT already exists, setupTxsIxs will be empty and the loop won’t execute.

Check for Existing Obligation

Check if a multiply obligation already exists for this collateral/debt pair.

const currentSlot = await rpc.getSlot().send();
const collTokenReserve = market!.getReserveByMint(collTokenMint)!;
const debtTokenReserve = market!.getReserveByMint(debtTokenMint)!;

const obligationAddress = await new MultiplyObligation(collTokenMint, debtTokenMint, PROGRAM_ID).toPda(
  market!.getAddress(),
  signer.address
);
const obligation = await market!.getObligationByAddress(obligationAddress);

If an obligation exists, the transaction will add to the existing position. If null, a new obligation will be created using a flash loan to bootstrap the position.

Get Scope Price Refresh Instructions

Fetch latest oracle prices for accurate collateral and debt valuation.

const scopeConfiguration = { scope, scopeConfigurations: await scope.getAllConfigurations() };

const scopeRefreshIx = await getScopeRefreshIxForObligationAndReserves(
  market!,
  collTokenReserve,
  debtTokenReserve,
  obligation!,
  scopeConfiguration
);

Get Price from Scope Oracle and Build Routes

Fetch the latest USDC/TSLAx price ratio from the Scope oracle (already loaded in reserves). Set the transaction compute budget and priority fee for reliable execution. Then use KSwap to generate multiple swap route options with the quoter and swapper helper functions. See the Helper Functions section below for the implementation of these utilities.

// Get price ratio from Scope oracle (already loaded in reserves)
const debtPriceUsd = debtTokenReserve.getOracleMarketPrice();
const collPriceUsd = collTokenReserve.getOracleMarketPrice();
const priceDebtToColl = debtPriceUsd.div(collPriceUsd);

const computeIxs = getComputeBudgetAndPriorityFeeIxs(1_400_000, new Decimal(500000));

const depositWithLeverageRoutes = await getDepositWithLeverageIxs({
  owner: signer,
  kaminoMarket: market!,
  debtTokenMint: debtTokenMint,
  collTokenMint: collTokenMint,
  depositAmount: depositAmount,
  priceDebtToColl: priceDebtToColl,
  slippagePct: new Decimal(slippageBps / 100),
  obligation: obligation || null,
  referrer: none(),
  currentSlot,
  targetLeverage: new Decimal(leverage),
  selectedTokenMint: debtTokenMint,
  obligationTypeTagOverride: ObligationTypeTag.Multiply,
  scopeRefreshIx,
  budgetAndPriorityFeeIxs: computeIxs,
  quoteBufferBps: new Decimal(1000),
  quoter: getKswapQuoter(kswapSdk, signer.address, slippageBps, debtTokenReserve, collTokenReserve),
  swapper: getKswapSwapper(kswapSdk, signer.address, slippageBps),
  useV2Ixs: true,
});

Using Scope oracle prices (getOracleMarketPrice()) is more reliable than external price APIs because Scope aggregates multiple oracle sources and is the same price feed used by Kamino Lend for position health calculations.

Simulate Routes and Select Best

Prepare the Klend lookup tables for transaction compression, then simulate all routes to find the best one that will succeed on-chain.

const klendLookupTableKeys: Address[] = [];
klendLookupTableKeys.push(userLookupTable);
klendLookupTableKeys.push(...multiplyLutKeys);
klendLookupTableKeys.push(XSTOCKS_MARKET_LUT);

const klendLutAccounts = await fetchAllAddressLookupTable(rpc, klendLookupTableKeys);

// Simulate all routes to find the best one
const simulationResults = await Promise.all(
  depositWithLeverageRoutes.map(async (route) => {
    const lookupTables = route.lookupTables;
    lookupTables.push(...klendLutAccounts);

    const simulation = await simulateTx(rpc, signer.address, route.ixs, lookupTables).catch(() => undefined);

    if (!simulation || simulation.value.err) {
      return undefined;
    }

    return {
      ixs: route.ixs,
      luts: lookupTables.map((l) => l.address),
      routeOutput: route.quote!,
      swapInputs: route.swapInputs,
    };
  })
);

const passingSimulations = simulationResults.filter((tx) => tx !== undefined);

// If no simulations pass, use first route anyway
const bestRoute =
  passingSimulations.length > 0
    ? passingSimulations.reduce((best, current) => {
        const inputMintReserve = market!.getReserveByMint(best.swapInputs.inputMint)!;
        const outputMintReserve = market!.getReserveByMint(best.swapInputs.outputMint)!;

        const bestPrice = new Decimal(best.routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString())
          .div(outputMintReserve.getMintFactor())
          .div(new Decimal(best.routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(inputMintReserve.getMintFactor()));

        const currentPrice = new Decimal(current.routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString())
          .div(outputMintReserve.getMintFactor())
          .div(
            new Decimal(current.routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(inputMintReserve.getMintFactor())
          );

        return bestPrice.greaterThan(currentPrice) ? best : current;
      })
    : (() => {
        const lookupTables = [...depositWithLeverageRoutes[0].lookupTables, ...klendLutAccounts];
        return { ixs: depositWithLeverageRoutes[0].ixs, luts: lookupTables.map((l) => l.address) };
      })();

if (!bestRoute) {
  throw new Error('No route found');
}

Simulation-based route selection tests each route on-chain before execution to ensure it will succeed. Routes that fail simulation are filtered out, and the best passing route is selected by price. If no routes pass simulation, the first route is used as a fallback.

Build and Send Transaction

Fetch a fresh blockhash, prepare lookup tables, and send the transaction.

await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));

const { value: latestBlockhash } = await rpc.getLatestBlockhash({ commitment: 'finalized' }).send();

// Prepare LUT addresses for compression
const lutsByAddress: Record<Address, Address[]> = {};
const bestRouteLutAccounts = await fetchAllAddressLookupTable(rpc, bestRoute.luts || []);
for (const acc of bestRouteLutAccounts) {
  lutsByAddress[acc.address] = acc.data.addresses;
}

// Build transaction using functional pipe pattern with LUT compression
const transactionMessage = pipe(
  createTransactionMessage({ version: 0 }),
  (tx) => appendTransactionMessageInstructions(bestRoute.ixs, tx),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageFeePayerSigner(signer, tx),
  (tx) => setTransactionMessageLifetimeUsingBlockhash(latestBlockhash, tx),
  (tx) => compressTransactionMessageUsingAddressLookupTables(tx, lutsByAddress)
);

// Sign transaction
const signedTransaction = await signTransactionMessageWithSigners(transactionMessage);

// Send and confirm transaction
const signature = getSignatureFromTransaction(signedTransaction);

await sendAndConfirmTransactionFactory({ rpc, rpcSubscriptions })(signedTransaction, {
  commitment: 'processed',
  preflightCommitment: 'processed',
  skipPreflight: true,
});

console.log(`Multiply deposit successful! Signature: ${signature}`);

The multiply deposit transaction is complete, resulting in a leveraged position with 2x exposure to TSLAx, all executed atomically in a single transaction.

Helper Functions

The tutorial requires KSwap helper functions for price fetching and route building.

kswap_utils.ts

import BN from 'bn.js';
import { KaminoReserve } from '@kamino-finance/klend-sdk';
import type { SwapInputs, SwapQuote, SwapIxs, SwapIxsProvider, SwapQuoteProvider } from '@kamino-finance/klend-sdk';
import { KswapSdk } from '@kamino-finance/kswap-sdk';
import type { RouteOutput, RouteParams, RouterType } from '@kamino-finance/kswap-sdk';
import Decimal from 'decimal.js';
import type { Address } from '@solana/kit';

const ALLOWED_ROUTERS: RouterType[] = ['dflow', 'jupiter', 'jupiterU', 'okx', 'jupiterLite'];

export function getKswapQuoter(
  kswapSdk: KswapSdk,
  executor: Address,
  slippageBps: number,
  inputMintReserve: KaminoReserve,
  outputMintReserve: KaminoReserve
): SwapQuoteProvider<RouteOutput> {
  const quoter: SwapQuoteProvider<RouteOutput> = async (inputs: SwapInputs): Promise<SwapQuote<RouteOutput>> => {
    const routeParams: RouteParams = {
      executor: executor,
      tokenIn: inputs.inputMint,
      tokenOut: inputs.outputMint,
      amount: new BN(inputs.inputAmountLamports.toDP(0).toString()),
      maxSlippageBps: slippageBps,
      wrapAndUnwrapSol: false,
      swapType: 'exactIn',
      routerTypes: ALLOWED_ROUTERS,
      includeRfq: false,
      includeLimoLogs: false,
    };

    const routeOutputs = await kswapSdk.getAllRoutes(routeParams);

    if (routeOutputs.routes.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('No routes found from KSwap. Try increasing preferredMaxAccount.');
    }

    const bestRoute = routeOutputs.routes.reduce((best, current) => {
      const inAmountBest = new Decimal(best.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(inputMintReserve.getMintFactor());
      const minAmountOutBest = new Decimal(best.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString()).div(
        outputMintReserve.getMintFactor()
      );
      const priceAInBBest = minAmountOutBest.div(inAmountBest);
      const inAmountCurrent = new Decimal(current.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(
        inputMintReserve.getMintFactor()
      );
      const minAmountOutCurrent = new Decimal(current.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString()).div(
        outputMintReserve.getMintFactor()
      );
      const priceAInBCurrent = minAmountOutCurrent.div(inAmountCurrent);
      return priceAInBBest.greaterThan(priceAInBCurrent) ? best : current;
    });

    const inAmountBest = new Decimal(bestRoute.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(
      inputMintReserve.getMintFactor()
    );
    const minAmountOutBest = new Decimal(bestRoute.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString()).div(
      outputMintReserve.getMintFactor()
    );
    const priceAInBBest = minAmountOutBest.div(inAmountBest);

    return {
      priceAInB: priceAInBBest,
      quoteResponse: bestRoute,
    };
  };

  return quoter;
}

export function getKswapSwapper(
  kswapSdk: KswapSdk,
  executor: Address,
  slippageBps: number
): SwapIxsProvider<RouteOutput> {
  const swapper: SwapIxsProvider<RouteOutput> = async (inputs: SwapInputs): Promise<Array<SwapIxs<RouteOutput>>> => {
    const routeParams: RouteParams = {
      executor: executor,
      tokenIn: inputs.inputMint,
      tokenOut: inputs.outputMint,
      amount: new BN(inputs.inputAmountLamports.toString()),
      maxSlippageBps: slippageBps,
      wrapAndUnwrapSol: false,
      swapType: 'exactIn',
      routerTypes: ALLOWED_ROUTERS,
      includeRfq: false,
      includeLimoLogs: false,
    };

    const routeOutputs = await kswapSdk.getAllRoutes(routeParams);

    if (routeOutputs.routes.length === 0) {
      throw new Error('No routes found from KSwap in swapper.');
    }

    return routeOutputs.routes.map((routeOutput) => {
      const inAmount = new Decimal(routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountIn.toString()).div(
        new Decimal(10).pow(routeOutput.inputTokenDecimals!)
      );
      const minAmountOut = new Decimal(routeOutput.amountsExactIn.amountOutGuaranteed.toString()).div(
        new Decimal(10).pow(routeOutput.outputTokenDecimals!)
      );
      const priceAInB = minAmountOut.div(inAmount);

      // Aggregate all swap-related instructions
      const allSwapIxs = [
        ...(routeOutput.instructions?.createInAtaIxs || []),
        ...(routeOutput.instructions?.wrapSolIxs || []),
        ...(routeOutput.instructions?.swapIxs || []),
        ...(routeOutput.instructions?.unwrapSolIxs || []),
        ...(routeOutput.instructions?.createOutAtaIxs || []),
      ];

      return {
        preActionIxs: [],
        swapIxs: allSwapIxs,
        lookupTables: routeOutput.lookupTableAccounts || [],
        quote: {
          priceAInB: new Decimal(priceAInB),
          quoteResponse: routeOutput,
        },
      };
    });
  };

  return swapper;
}

Transaction Flow

View Transaction Flow Diagram

Asset Flow

2x Leveraged TSLAx Position: Step-by-Step

Initial State

Wallet: 10 USDC
Position: None

Flash Borrow

Flash loan: 10 USDC (temporary)
Available: 20 USDC total

Swap & Deposit

Swap 20 USDC to TSLAx via KSwap
Deposit TSLAx as collateral

Borrow & Repay

Borrow 10 USDC against collateral
Repay 10 USDC flash loan

Final Position

Collateral: TSLAx ($20 value)
Debt: 10 USDC
Net Equity: 10 USDC
Leverage: 2x

Key Concepts

Flash Loans

Flash loans are uncollateralized loans that must be borrowed and repaid within the same transaction. They enable:

Zero upfront capital: Borrow large amounts without collateral
Atomic execution: All operations succeed or fail together
Leverage creation: Bootstrap leveraged positions in one transaction
Risk-free: Transaction reverts if flash loan cannot be repaid

Multiply Obligation Type

The MultiplyObligation is a specialized obligation type that:

Defines position type: Multiply vs Leverage vs Vanilla
Derives unique address: Via PDA using collateral/debt mints
Supports multiple positions: Create different obligations with same tokens using ID parameter
Creates new obligation: When none exists (indicated by obligation: null)

Lookup Tables (LUTs)

Address Lookup Tables reduce transaction size by:

Storing common addresses: Frequently-used program accounts, reserves, oracles
Index-based references: 1-byte index instead of 32-byte address
Transaction compression: Enables complex transactions to fit within the 1232-byte limit
Multiply-specific LUTs: Fetched from Kamino CDN per collateral/debt pair
Critical for complex txns: Multiply operations wouldn’t fit without LUTs

Transaction Simulation

Transaction simulation tests routes before execution by:

Pre-validation: Running the transaction on-chain without committing state
Error detection: Identifying routes that would fail due to slippage, insufficient liquidity, or account errors
Best route selection: Choosing the route with the best price among passing simulations
Fallback strategy: Using the first route if no simulations pass (edge case)
Reliability improvement: Reduces failed transactions and improves user experience

KSwap Multi-Route Optimization

KSwap provides optimal swap execution through:

Multi-DEX routing: Tests routes across Jupiter, OKX, dFlow, and other DEX aggregators
Price optimization: Selects the route with the best guaranteed output amount
Slippage protection: Ensures minimum output amount within tolerance
Automatic ATA creation: Handles token account creation and SOL wrapping/unwrapping

Commitment Levels

Solana commitment levels affect confirmation speed:

processed: Fastest, used for sending (no false timeout errors)
confirmed: Medium speed, confirmed by majority of cluster stake
finalized: Slowest, used for blockhash (maximum security, ~32 blocks)
Recommended: Use processed for multiply transactions to avoid false errors

Borrow and Multiply SDK Methods

Method	Operation	When to Use
`getDepositWithLeverageIxs`	Open position or add collateral	Creating or adding to a leveraged position
`buildRepayTxns`	Repay with wallet funds	Reducing debt using USDC, SOL, etc. from wallet
`buildWithdrawTxns`	Withdraw collateral	Withdrawing collateral after debt is repaid
`getWithdrawWithLeverageIxs`	Deleverage and withdraw	Sell collateral to repay debt and receive remaining value in wallet
`getRepayWithCollIxs`	Repay debt with collateral	Sell collateral to repay debt without withdrawing (value stays in position)

Multiply operations use MultiplyObligation. Vanilla operations use VanillaObligation. The obligation type determines which PDA is derived for your position.

Deposit and Borrow

Learn basic deposit and borrow operations

Market Data

Read market metrics and reserve data

KSwap SDK

Multi-DEX swap routing SDK

Scope SDK

Oracle price aggregation SDK

​Multiply Deposit with xStocks

​Import Dependencies

​Load Configuration and Initialize SDKs

​Find TSLAx Reserve in Market

​Fetch Multiply Lookup Tables

​Configure Multiply Parameters

​Setup User Lookup Table

​Check for Existing Obligation

​Get Scope Price Refresh Instructions

​Get Price from Scope Oracle and Build Routes

​Simulate Routes and Select Best

​Build and Send Transaction

​Helper Functions

​Transaction Flow

​Asset Flow

​Key Concepts

​Borrow and Multiply SDK Methods

​Related Resources

Deposit and Borrow

Market Data

KSwap SDK

Scope SDK

Multiply Deposit with xStocks

Import Dependencies

Load Configuration and Initialize SDKs

Find TSLAx Reserve in Market

Fetch Multiply Lookup Tables

Configure Multiply Parameters

Setup User Lookup Table

Check for Existing Obligation

Get Scope Price Refresh Instructions

Get Price from Scope Oracle and Build Routes

Simulate Routes and Select Best

Build and Send Transaction

Helper Functions

Transaction Flow

Asset Flow

Key Concepts

Borrow and Multiply SDK Methods

Related Resources